Transactions on Transport Sciences 2022, 13(1):5-16 | DOI: 10.5507/tots.2022.004
Identifying Barriers to the Public Transport Accessibility for Disabled People in Dhaka: A Qualitative Analysis
- Department of Sociology, University of Barishal, Kornokathi, (Dhaka - Patuakhali Highway), Barishal, 8254, Bangladesh.
This paper identified the barriers disabled experience in their daily lives using public transport as their travel means in Dhaka. A qualitative investigation of empirical data provides the framework for understanding passengers' experiences with public transport to deal with barriers. In the city of Dhaka, a focus group discussion (FGD) was held with a group of 34 disabled persons. They shared their perceived barriers from their own experiences with public transport. The barriers I found were negative attitudes by drivers, misplacement of priority seats, unfriendly built environment, high cost of travel, imperfect design inside vehicles, prejudice and discriminatory attitude by other passengers, deficient levelling on transport infrastructure, long-distance between the transport stops/terminals and home, the profit-making tendency by transit boss, absence of audio support for the visually impaired, blockage in the footpath, fears of accidents and traffic injuries and wet or nasty weather. Then I suggested how we could solve their problems by increasing mobility, transport accessibility, social engagement, friendly attitude towards them, community or societal integration, and changing deep-rooted false cultural perception as well as prejudice. More research and studies are recommended to explore the accessibility challenges faced by people with disabilities in Dhaka using public transport.
Keywords: Transport Accessibility, People with Disability, Qualitative Content Analysis, Public Transport
Received: May 12, 2021; Revised: February 14, 2022; Accepted: March 2, 2022; Prepublished online: March 23, 2022; Published: May 12, 2022 Show citation
References
- Aarhaug, J., Elvebakk, B., Fearnley, N., & Lerudsmoen, M. B. (2011). Før-undersøkelse: Tiltak for bedre tilgjengelighet i kollektivtransporten. [Enhanced accessibility to public transport: a before study]. TØI-rapport 1174/2011. Retrieved from https://www.toi.no/getfile.php/13248531351604250/Publikasjoner/T%C3%98I%20rapporter/2012/1235-2012/1235-summary.pdf
- Aarhaug, J., & Elvebakk, B. (2015). The impact of universally accessible public transport: a before and after study, Transport Policy, 44, 143-150. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.08.003
Go to original source...
- Abir, A. M., & Hoque, M. S. (2011). A study on mobility problems of disabled people in Dhaka City. In Noor, Amin, Bhuiyan, Chowdhury, and Kakoli (Eds.), 4th Annual Paper Meet and 1st Civil Engineering Congress. Conference Proceedings of Civil Engineering Division, Institution of Engineers, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Retrieved from http://www.iebconferences.info/abir.pdf
- Asian Development Bank, (2021). People's Republic of Bangladesh: Updating the Revised Strategic Transport Plan for Dhaka. Technical Assistance Report. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/54451/54451-001-tar-en.pdf
- Ahmad, M. (2015). Independent-Mobility Rights and the State of Public Transport Accessibility for Disabled People: Evidence From Southern Punjab in Pakistan. Administration & Society, 47(2), 197-213. doi:10.1177/0095399713490691
Go to original source...
- Alsnih, R., & Hensher, D. A. (2003). The mobility and accessibility of seniors in an ageing population. Transportation Research, 37, 903- 916. doi:10.1016/S0965-8564(03)00073-9
Go to original source...
- Asplund, K., Wallin, S., & Jonsson, F. (2012). Use of public transport by stroke survivors with persistent disability. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 14(4), 289-299. doi:10.1080/15017419.2011.640408
Go to original source...
- Banister, D., & Bowling, A. (2004). Quality of life for the elderly: the transport dimension. Transport Policy, 11(2), 105-115. doi:10.1016/S0967-070X(03)00052-0
Go to original source...
- Barnes, C., & Mercer, G. (2005). Disability, work, and welfare: challenging the social exclusion of disabled people. Work, Employment and Society, 19(3), 527-545. doi:10.1177/0950017005055669
Go to original source...
- BBS. (2015). Disability in Bangladesh: Prevalence and Pattern: Population Monograph. Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division. Ministry of Planning. Retrieved from http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopMonographs/disabilityFinal.pdf
- Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to Plan and Perform a Qualitative Study Using Content Analysis. Nursing Plus Open, 2, 8-14. doi:10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
Go to original source...
- Berg, B. L. (2009). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
- Bezyak, J. L, Sabella, S. A, & Gattis, R. H. (2017). Public transportation: an investigation of barriers for people with disabilities. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 28(1), 52-60. doi:10.1177/1044207317702070
Go to original source...
- Bhuiya, M. (2018). A Study on Mobility Pattern of Movement Challenged Persons of Dhaka (Unpublished Master's Thesis). BUET, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Brodrick, V., D. & Stanley, J. (2013). The significance of transport mobility in predicting well-being, Transport Policy, 29, 236-242. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.06.005
Go to original source...
- Bromley, R. D., Matthews, D. L., & Thomas, C. J. (2007). City centre accessibility for wheelchair users: the consumer perspective and the planning implications. Cities, 24(3), 229-241. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2007.01.009
Go to original source...
- Broome, K., Worrall, L., Fleming, J., & Boldy, D. (2012). Evaluation of Flexible Route Bus Transport for Older People. Transport Policy, 21, 85-91. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.02.005
Go to original source...
- Buhalis, D., Eichhorn, V., Michopoulou, E., & Miller, G. (2005). Accessibility market and stakeholder analysis: One-stop-shop for accessible tourism in Europe (OSSATE). Retrieved from http://www.accessibletourism.org/resources/ossate_market_analysis_public_final.pdf
- Burdett, B., & Pomeroy, G. (2011). Design for disabled road users: It's time to up our game. In: Proceedings of Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand (IPENZ) Transportation Conference, 2011, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Casas, I. (2007). Social exclusion and the disabled: an accessibility approach. The Professional Geographer, 59(4), 463-477. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9272.2007.00635.x
Go to original source...
- Chang, Y. C., & Chen, C. F. (2011). Identifying mobility service needs for disabled air passengers. Tourism Management, 32(5), 1214-1217. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.11.001
Go to original source...
- Crudden, A., McDonnall, M. C., & Hierholzer, A. (2015). Transportation: an electronic survey of persons who are blind or have low vision. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 109(6), 445-456. doi:10.1177/0145482X1510900603
Go to original source...
- Daruwalla, P., & Darcy, S. (2005). Personal and societal attitudes to disability. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 549-570. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.10.008
Go to original source...
- Erlingsson, C., & Brysiewicz, P. (2017). A hands-on guide to doing content analysis. African journal of emergency medicine: Revue africaine de la medecine d'urgence, 7(3), 93-99. doi:10.1016/j.afjem.2017.08.001
Go to original source...
- Figueiredo, E., Eusébio, C., & Kastenholz, E. (2012). How diverse are tourists with disabilities? A pilot study on accessible leisure tourism experiences in Portugal. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(6), 531-550. doi:10.1002/jtr.1913
Go to original source...
- Flick, U. (2014). The SAGE handbook of qualitative data analysis. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Go to original source...
- Forman, J. & Damschroder, L. (2007), Qualitative Content Analysis. In Jacoby, L. & Siminoff, L. A. (Ed.) Empirical Methods for Bioethics: A Primer (Advances in Bioethics, Vol. 11), Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi:10.1016/S1479-3709(07)11003-7
Go to original source...
- Freeman, I., & Selmi, N. (2010). French versus Canadian tourism: Response to the disabled. Journal of Travel Research, 49(4), 471-485. doi:10.1177/0047287509349268
Go to original source...
- Gallagher, B. A., Hart, P. M., O'Brien, C., Stevenson, M. R., & Jackson, A. J. (2011). Mobility and access to transport issues as experienced by people with vision impairment living in urban and rural Ireland. Disability and Rehabilitation 33(12), 979-988. doi:10.3109/09638288.2010.516786
Go to original source...
- Gleeson, B. (2006). Geographies of Disability. London: Routledge.
- Goggin, G. (2016). Disability and Mobilities: Evening up Social Futures, Mobilities, 11(4): 533-541. doi:10.1080/17450101.2016.1211821.
Go to original source...
- Golledge, R. G., & Marston, J. R. (1999). Towards an Accessible City: Removing Functional Barriers to Independent Travel for Blind and Vision-Impaired Residents and Visitors. California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH), Berkeley.
- Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measure to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Education Today, 24(2), 105-112. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001
Go to original source...
- Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How Many Interviews Are Enough? An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59-82. doi:10.1177/1525822X05279903
Go to original source...
- Guimarães, T., Lucas, K., & Timms, P. (2019). Understanding how low-income communities gain access to healthcare services: A qualitative study in São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Transport & Health, 15, 100658. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2019.100658
Go to original source...
- Hallgrimsdottir, B., Wennberg, H., Svensson, H., & Stahl, A. (2016). Implementation of accessibility policy in municipal transport planning: progression and regression in Sweden between 2004 and 2014, Transport Policy, 49, 196-205. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.05.002
Go to original source...
- Haveman, M., Tillmann, V., Stöppler, R., Kvas, Š. & Monninger, D. (2013). Mobility and Public Transport Use Abilities of Children and Young Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: Results From the 3-Year Nordhorn Public Transportation Intervention Study. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 10, 289-299. doi:10.1111/jppi.12059
Go to original source...
- Hsieh, H. f., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. doi:10.1177/1049732305276687
Go to original source...
- Iwarsson, S., & Wilson, G. (2006). Environmental barriers, functional limitations, and housing satisfaction among older people in Sweden: A longitudinal perspective on housing accessibility. Technology and Disability, 18, 57-66. doi:10.3233/TAD-2006-18202
Go to original source...
- Jansuwan, S., Christensen, K., & Chen, A. (2013). Assessing the transportation needs of low-mobility individuals: case study of a small urban community in Utah. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 139(2), 104-114. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000142
Go to original source...
- Jenkins, G. R., Yuen, H. K., & Vogtle, L. K. (2015). Experience of multisensory environments in public space among people with visual impairment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(8), 8644-8657. doi: 10.3390/ijerph120808644
Go to original source...
- Jensen, G., Iwarsson, S., & Ståhl, A. (2002). Theoretical understanding and methodological challenges in accessibility assessments, focusing the environmental component: an example from travel chains in urban public bus transport. Disability and Rehabilitation, 24(5), 231-242. doi:10.1080/0963828011007022-1
Go to original source...
- Julie A. K., Mark J. K., Edwards, N., Sara, A. H., Cheang, S., Pearson, A., & Coelho, S. (2018) Addressing transport safety and accessibility for people with a disability in developing countries: a formative evaluation of the Journey Access Tool in Cambodia, Global Health Action, 11(1), 1-11. doi:10.1080/16549716.2018.1538658
Go to original source...
- Kagaari, J., Nakasiita, K., Ntare, E., Atuhaire, R., Baguwemu, A., Ojok, G.,........, & Thompson, C. E. (2017). Children's conceptions of peace in two Ugandan primary schools: Insights for peace curriculum. Research in Comparative and International Education, 12, 9-25. doi:10.1177/1745499917698299
Go to original source...
- Karekla, X., Fujiyama, T., & Tyler, N. (2011). Evaluating accessibility enhancements to public transport including indirect as well as direct benefits. Research in Transportation Business & Management 2, 92-100. doi:10.1016/j.rtbm.2011.06.010
Go to original source...
- Kastenholz, E., Eusébio, C., & Figueiredo, E. (2015). Contributions of tourism to social inclusion of persons with disability. Disability & Society, 30(8), 1259-1281. doi:10.1080/09687599.2015.1075868.
Go to original source...
- Kenyon, S., Lyons, G., & Rafferty, J. (2002). Transport and social exclusion: investigating the possibility of promoting inclusion through virtual mobility. Journal of Transport Geography, 10(3), 207-219. doi:10.1016/S0966-6923(02)00012-1
Go to original source...
- Kidd, P. S., & Parshall, M. B. (2000). Getting the focus and the group: Enhancing analytical rigor in focus group research. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 293-308. doi: 10.1177/104973200129118453
Go to original source...
- King, A. C., Toobert, D., Ahn, D., Resnicow, K., Coday, M., Riebe, D., Garber, C. E., Hurtz, S., Morton, J., & Sallis, J. F. (2006). Perceived environments as physical activity correlates and moderators of intervention in five studies. American Journal of Health Promotion, 21(1), 24-35. doi:10.1177/089011710602100106
Go to original source...
- King, J. A, & King, M. J. (2014). The lived experience of families living with spinal cord disability in Northeast Thailand. In: K. Soldatic, H. Meekosha (Eds.), The global politics of impairment and disability: processes and embodiments (1st ed., pp. 107-122). UK: Routledge.
- King, J. A, King, M. J., Edwards, N., Hair, S. A., Cheang, S., Pearson, A., & Coelho, S. (2018). Addressing transport safety and accessibility for people with a disability in developing countries: a formative evaluation of the Journey Access Tool in Cambodia. Global Health Action, 11(1), 1538658. doi:10.1080/16549716.2018.1538658
Go to original source...
- Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative research. Introducing focus groups. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 311(7000), 299-302. doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7000.299
Go to original source...
- Kruger R, Casey, M. (2015). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage.
- Marshall, M. N. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research, Family Practice, 13(6), 522-526. doi:10.1093/fampra/13.6.522
Go to original source...
- Maynard, A. (2009). Can measuring the benefits of accessible transport enable a seamless journey? Journal of Transport and Land Use, 2(2). 21-30. doi:10.5198/jtlu.v2i2.42
Go to original source...
- May, A., Parker, C. J., Taylor, N., & Ross, T. (2014). Evaluating a concept design of a crowd-sourced 'mashup' providing ease-of-access information for people with limited mobility, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 49, 103-113. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2014.10.007
Go to original source...
- McKercher, B., & Darcy, S. (2018). Re-conceptualising barriers to travel by people with disabilities. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 59-66. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2018.01.003
Go to original source...
- Mercado, R., Paez A., & Newbold K. B. (2010). Transport Policy and the Provision of Mobility Options in an Aging Society: A Case Study of Ontario, Canada. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(5), 649-661. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.03.017
Go to original source...
- Meyers, A. R., Anderson, J. J., Miller, D. R., Shipp, K., & Hoenig, H. (2002). Barriers, facilitators, and access for wheelchair users: substantive and methodologic lessons from a pilot study of environmental effects. Social Science & Medicine, 55(8), 1435-1446. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00269-6
Go to original source...
- Mollenkopf, H., Marcellini, F., Ruoppila, I., Szeman, Z., & Tacken, M. (Eds.), (2005). Enhancing mobility in later life -personal coping, environmental resources, and technical support. The out-of-home mobility of older adults in urban and rural regions of five European countries. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
- Morgan, D. L. (1996). Focus groups as qualitative research: qualitative research methods Series (Vol. 16) (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage publications.
- Munira, S, & Santoso, D. S. (2017). Examining public perception over outcome indicators of sustainable urban transport in Dhaka city. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 5(2), 169-178. doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2017.03.011
Go to original source...
- Murray, A. T., Davis, R., Stimson, R. J. & Ferreira, L. (1998). Public Transportation Access. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 3(5), 319-328. doi:10.1016/S1361-9209(98)00010-8.
Go to original source...
- Nicolaisen, J., Blichfeldt, B., & Sonnenschein, F. (2012). Medical and social models of disability: A tourism providers' perspective. World Leisure Journal, 54(3), 201-214. doi:10.1080/04419057.2012.702451.
Go to original source...
- Odufuwa, B. O. (2007). Towards Sustainable Public Transport for Disabled People in Nigerian Cities. Studies on Home and Community Science, 1(2), 93-101. doi:10.1080/09737189.2007.11885239
Go to original source...
- O'Neill, M., & Knight, J. (2000). Disability tourism dollars in Western Australia hotels. Hospitality Review, 18(2), Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/
- Park, J., & Chowdhury, S. (2017). Investigating the barriers in a typical journey by public transport users with disabilities, Journal of Transport & Health, 10, 361-368. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2018.05.008
Go to original source...
- Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
Go to original source...
- Pierson, J. (2010). TACKLING SOCIAL EXCLUSION (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Go to original source...
- Ray, N., & Ryder, M. (2003). "Ebilities" tourism: An exploratory discussion of the travel needs and motivations of the mobility-disabled. Tourism Management, 24(1), 57-72. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00037-7
Go to original source...
- Ritchie, J., & Ormston, R. (2013). Selection Procedures, Sampling, Case Construction. In J. Ritchie, J. Lewis, C. M. Nicholls, & R. Ormston (Eds.), Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Los Angeles: SAGE.
- Rosenberg, D. E., Huang, D. L., Simonovich, S. D., & Belza, B. (2013). Outdoor built environment barriers and facilitators to activity among midlife and older adults with mobility disabilities. Gerontologist, 53(2), 268-279. doi:10.1093/geront/gns119
Go to original source...
- Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. R. (2011). Research Methods for Social Work (7th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning.
- Sajib, S. H. (2021). A Qualitative Case Study on Inadequate Public Transport System and Its Social Impact on People in Dhaka. Transactions on Transport Sciences, 12(2), 24-34. doi:10.5507/tots.2021.013
Go to original source...
- Sakaki, S., & Gomes, J. W. (2018, OCTOBER 31). Too often, Dhaka remains inaccessible for people with disabilities. End Poverty in South Asia. Retrieved from https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/too-often-dhaka-remains-inaccessible-people-disabilities.
- Schaie, K. W. (2003). Mobility for what? In: Schaie, K. W., Wahl, H. W., Mollenkopf, H., and Oswald, H. (Eds.), Aging independently: Living arrangements and mobility (pp. 18-27). New York: Springer Publishing.
- Schlingensiepena, J., Naroska, E., Bolten, T., Christen, O., Schmitz, S., & Ressel, C. (2015). Empowering People with Disabilities Using Urban Public Transport. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 2349-2356. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.382
Go to original source...
- Sheller, M. (2018). Mobility Justice: The Politics of Movement in an Age of Extremes. London/New York: Verso Books.
- Soltani, S. K. Sham, M., Awang. M., & Yaman, R. (2012). Accessibility for Disabled in Public Transportation Terminal. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35, 89-96. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.02.066
Go to original source...
- Sultana, S., Abdur Rouf, K. B., Ahmed, S. S., Hossain, M., & Hossain, D. M. (2020). Redesigning the interiors of public buses in Dhaka city: Exploring the gender-based perceptions and preferences of young public bus users. Asian Transport Studies, 6, 10010. doi:10.1016/j.eastsj.2020.100010
Go to original source...
- Sze, N. N., & Christensen, K. M. (2017). Access to urban transportation system for individuals with disabilities. IATSS Research, 41, 66-73. doi:10.1016/j.iatssr.2017.05.002
Go to original source...
- Tauhid, A., (2007). A Study on Accessibility of Physically Challenged People to Some Selected Urban Services and Facilities in Dhaka (Unpublished Master's Thesis). BUET, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Tennakoon, V., Wiles, J., Peiris-John, R., Wickremasinghe, R., Kool, B., & Ameratunga, S. (2020). Transport equity in Sri Lanka: Experiences linked to disability and older age. Journal of Transport & Health, 18, 100913. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2020.100913
Go to original source...
- United Nations. (2007). Accessibility: A Guiding Principle of the Convention. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/disacc.htm
- van Holstein, E., V., Wiesel, I., & Legacy, C. (2020). Mobility justice and accessible public transport networks for people with intellectual disability. Applied Mobilities. doi: 10.1080/23800127.2020.1827557
Go to original source...
- Velho, R., Holloway, C., Symonds, A., & Balmer, B. (2016). The Effect of Transport Accessibility on the Social Inclusion of Wheelchair Users: A Mixed Method Analysis. Social. Inclusion, 4(3), 25-35. doi:10.17645/si.v4i3.484
Go to original source...
- Wennberg, H., Hydén, C., & Ståhl, A. (2010). Barrier-free outdoor environments: older people's perceptions before and after implementation of legislative directive. Transport Policy, 17(6), 464-474. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.04.013
Go to original source...
- World Health Organization. (2015). WHO global disability action plan 2014-2021. Better health for all people with disability. Geneva, Switzerland: Disability and Rehabilitation Team. Retrieved from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/199544
- Wu, C., Li, J., & Li, X. (2017). Using community planning method to improve effect of urban barrier-free transportation system. Transportation Research Procedia, 25, 4330-4337. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.294
Go to original source...
- Wu, H., Avner, P., Boisjoly, G., K. V. Braga, C., El-Geneidy, A., Huang, J.,……, & Levinson, D. (2021). Urban access across the globe: an international comparison of different transport modes. npj urban sustainability, 1(16). doi:10.1038/s42949-021-00020-2
Go to original source...
- Yau, M., McKercher, B., & Packer, T. (2004). Travelling with a disability: More than just an access issue. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 946-960. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.03.007
Go to original source...
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.