Transactions on Transport Sciences 2012, 5(4):179-188 | DOI: 10.2478/v10158-012-0020-5

Kinematic Analysis of Backward Falls of Pedestrian and Figurine in Relation to Head Injury

O. Fanta*, P. Kubový, F. Lopot, B. Pánková, K. Jelen
Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic

Unexpected backward falls caused by a vehicle at a pedestrian crossing or at a supermarket parking space, by slipping on the road or by an external force acting against the chest followed by a backward fall is a very frequent phenomenon and can affect anyone. Especially the back and temporal part of the head come into contact with the ground during this uncontrolled motion and, depending on the impact strength and surface properties, it can cause serious injury. This study addresses a kinematic analysis of probands' backward fall (voluntary fall, chest impact fall, slipping fall) and correlates it with dummy-based data and subsequently with data from head-surface interaction. From the measured head acceleration we can therefore calculate head injury criteria related to individual kinematic analyses and values during the fall.

Keywords: Backward fall, head injury, kinematic analysis, pedestrian, Qualisys.

Published: December 1, 2012  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Fanta, O., Kubový, P., Lopot, F., Pánková, B., & Jelen, K. (2012). Kinematic Analysis of Backward Falls of Pedestrian and Figurine in Relation to Head Injury. Transactions on Transport Sciences5(4), 179-188. doi: 10.2478/v10158-012-0020-5
Download citation

References

  1. Anderson, R.W.G., Mclean, A.J., Farmer, M.J.B., Lee, B.H., Brooks, C.G., 1997. Vehicle travel speeds and the incidence of fatal pedestrian crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 29 (5), pp. 667-674. Go to original source...
  2. Deemer, E., Bertocci, G., Pierce, M.C., Aguel, F., Janosky, J., Vogeley, E., 2005. Influence of wet surfaces and fall height on pediatric injury risk in feet-first freefalls as predicted using a test dummy. Medical Engineering & Physics, 27 (1), pp. 31-39. Go to original source...
  3. EuroNCAP, 2011. The tests explained euro ncap - for safer cars crash test safety rating.
  4. First, J., 2008. Zkoušení automobilů a motocyklů. Praha: S&T CZ s.r.o. (in Czech)
  5. Harvey, L. A., Close, J. C. T., 2012. Traumatic brain injury in older adults: Characteristics, causes and consequences. Injury 43 (11), pp. 1821-1826. Go to original source...
  6. Jennett, B., 1996. Epidemiology of head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 60 (4), pp. 362-9. Go to original source...
  7. Klenk, J., Becker, C., Lieken, F., Nicolai, S., Maetzler, W., Alt, W., Zijlstra, W., Hausdorff, J.M., Van Lummel, R.C., Chiari, L., Lindemann, U., 2011. Comparison of acceleration signals of simulated and real-world backward falls. Medical Engineering & Physics, 33 (3), pp. 368-373. Go to original source...
  8. Kool, B., Ameratunga, S., Robinson, E., Crengle, S., Jackson, R., 2008. The contribution of alcohol to falls at home among working-aged adults. Alcohol, 42 (5), pp. 383-388. Go to original source...
  9. Majumder, S., Roychowdhury, A., Pal, S., 2009. Effects of body configuration on pelvic injury in backward fall simulation using 3d finite element models of pelvis-femur-soft tissue complex. Journal of Biomechanics, 42 (10), pp. 1475-1482. Go to original source...
  10. Manavais, J., Blumbergs, P.C., Scott, G., North, J.B., 1991. Brain injury patterns in falls causing death. In Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference, pp. 77-78.
  11. Marjoux, D., Baumgartner, D., Deck, C., Willinger, R., 2008. Head injury prediction capability of the hic, hip, simon and ulp criteria. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40 (3), pp.1135-48. Go to original source...
  12. O'Riordain, K., Thomas, P.M., Phillips, J.P., Gilchrist, M.D., 2003. Reconstruction of real world head injury accidents resulting from falls using multibody dynamics. Clinical Biomechanics, 18 (7), pp. 590-600. Go to original source...
  13. Peng, Y., Chen, Y., Yang, J., Otte, D., Willinger, R., 2012. A study of pedestrian and bicyclist exposure to head injury in passenger car collisions based on accident data and simulations. Safety Science, 50 (9), pp. 1749-1759. Go to original source...
  14. Rosén, E., Sander, U., 2009. Pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41 (3), 536-542. Go to original source...
  15. Rosén, E., Stigson, H., Sander, U., 2011. Literature review of pedestrian fatality risk as a function of car impact speed. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43 (1), pp. 25-33. Go to original source...
  16. Smith, R.W., Nelson, D. R., 1998. Fractures and other injuries from falls after an ice storm. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 16 (1), pp. 52-55. Go to original source...
  17. Tarriere, C., 1981. Head and neck injury criteria - a concensus workshop. Washington D.C.: NHTSA, pp. 218-228.
  18. Tefft, B. C., 2012. Impact speed and a pedestrian's risk of severe injury or death. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 50, pp. 871-878. Go to original source...
  19. Wright, A.D., Laing, A.C., 2012. The influence of headform orientation and flooring systems on impact dynamics during simulated fall-related head impacts. Medical Engineering & Physics, 34 (8), pp. 1071-1078. Go to original source...
  20. Yanagida, Y., Fujiwara, S., Mizoi, Y., 1989. Differences in the intracranial pressure caused by a 'blow' and/or a 'fall'--an experimental study using physical models of the head and neck. Forensic Sci Int, 41 (1-2), pp. 135-45. Go to original source...
  21. Yoon, H.-Y., Lockhart, T.E., 2006. Nonfatal occupational injuries associated with slips and falls in the United States. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 36 (1), pp. 83-92. Go to original source...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.